Tuesday 25 May 2021

Can the court permit the conversion of Criminal Proceedings instituted under the DV Act as Civil Proceedings for its transfer to civil court or Family court?

 

 Conjoint reading of Section 44 of the Indian Penal Code and

Section 3 of the Domestic Violence Act portrays the nature of injuries for initiation of proceedings under the Domestic Violence Act. Undoubtedly, all such bodily injuries are serious in nature and affecting the fundamental rights of women. Thus, initiation of proceedings under the DomesticViolence Act with reference to the bodily injuries contemplated under the provisions of the Act, are Criminal acts and therefore, the Domestic Violence proceedings are criminal in nature and to be tried by the competent Judicial Magistrate. The word “injury” is defined in Section 44 of the Indian Penal Code as the word “injury” denotes 'any harm whatsoever illegally caused to any person, in body, mind, reputation or property'. {Para 57}

58. Thus, the injuries enumerated under the provisions of the

Domestic Violence Act are bodily injuries, which all are offences as contemplated under the Penal laws. Thus, all such offences / bodily injuries as contemplated under the Domestic Violence Act are against the society at large and therefore, the proceedings are criminal proceedings and the competent criminal Court of Law is empowered to try those cases. Section 28 of the Domestic Violence Act states that the proceedings are to be regulated under the Criminal Procedure Code. Thus, such criminal

proceedings instituted under the Domestic Violence Act cannot be converted as Civil proceedings nor construed as proceedings of civil nature, so as to transfer such criminal proceedings before the Civil Court or Family Court by exercising the supervisory powers under Article 227 of the Constitution of India.

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT MADRAS

Tr.C.M.P SR No.15785 of 2021

in

D.V.C.No.43 of 2019

P.Arun Prakash Vs  S.Sudhamary 

CORAM

 MR. JUSTICE S.M.SUBRAMANIAM

DATED : 01-04-2021


The Registry, High Court of Madras, raised an objection

regarding the maintainability of the Transfer Civil Miscellaneous Petition as

the relief sought for in the petition is to withdraw the proceedings in DVC

No.43 of 2019 from the file of the XVII Metropolitan Magistrate Court,

Saidapet, Chennai and transfer the same to the file of the V Additional

Family Court at Chennai. Thus, this case is listed under the caption 'For

Maintainability'.

FACTS OF THE CASE

2. The marriage between the 1st petitioner/husband and the

respondent was solemnized on 06.06.2016 at Coimbatore as per the Hindu

Rites and Customs. The 1st petitioner and the respondent started their

matrimonial life in Singapore and thereafter, misunderstanding arose

between them and the 1st petitioner/husband stated that the respondent/wife

deserted him on 02.08.2018. Thus, the 1st petitioner/husband issued notice

and filed a petition in O.P.No. 4652 of 2018 on the file of the V Additional

Family Court, Chennai, seeking the relief of Restitution of Conjugal Rights.


3. The respondent/wife filed a Domestic Violence Complaint to

the Social Welfare Officer, Chennai and after conducting an enquiry, the

Social Welfare Officer has filed a Report to the XVII Metropolitan

Magistrate's Court, Saidapet, Chennai, and the learned Magistrate took

cognizance of the complaint and numbered the petition as D.V.C.No.43 of

2019.

4. The respondent/wife further filed the Maintenance Case in

M.C.No.482 of 2018, seeking maintenance, which is pending before the V

Additional Family Court, Chennai. Under these circumstances, the present

transfer petition is filed to transfer the Domestic Violence Act case in

D.V.C.No.43 of 2019 pending before the learned XVII Metropolitan

Magistrate's, Saidapet, Chennai to the V Additional Family Court, Chennai

for joint trial.

5. The question of legal importance arose in the present petition is

that, whether the High Court in exercise of the power of superintendence

under Article 227 of the Constitution of India, transfer the criminal

proceedings from the Criminal Court / Magistrate Court to the Family Court

/ Civil Court, when the powers of transfers of cases are already conferred on

the High Court under the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code and

Civil Procedure Code.

6. Presuming, the powers under Article 227 of the Constitution of

India is exercised, in order to transfer of a criminal case to a Civil Court or

Family Court, what would be the consequences and the provisions

governing such transfers and the Constitution of Special Courts under the

Special enactments.

7. Yet another question raised is that whether the judgment of this

Court in the case of Mohana Seshadri Vs. Anuja, reported in CDJ 2020

MHC 944 can be followed as a precedent, so as to pave way for the litigant

to file a transfer petition in order to transfer a criminal proceedings to the

Civil Court or Family Court.


8. In the said case of Mohana Seshadri (supra), the High Court

exercised the powers under Article 227 of the Constitution of India and

transfered the cases only on extraordinary circumstances, taking note of the

particular facts and circumstances. Thus, such an exercise of power of

discretion, exercised occasionally with reference to the facts cannot be

construed as a precedent, so as to develop the practice of filing a transfer

petition under Article 227 of the Constitution of India for transferring a

criminal proceedings from the Court of Criminal law to the Civil Court or

Family Court. Thus, the case cited by the petitioners need not be relied upon

for the purpose entertaining a transfer petition under Article 227 of the

Constitution of India. In the present petition, this Court has to consider the

provisions of the Special Acts namely the Domestic Violence Act, Family

Courts Act and also the Code of Criminal Procedure for the purpose of

forming an opinion.

9. The judicial institutions constituted pursuant to the provisions

of the Special Acts are bound to function within the provisions of the

Special Statute and excessive exercise of jurisdiction beyond the scope of the Statute is impermissible. Thus, the objections regarding the maintainability of the transfer petition under Article 227 of the Constitution of India raised by the Registry, High Court, is to be decided independently with reference to the provisions of the Special Acts and the Code of Criminal Procedure.

PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT,

2 005 [ in short, 'DV Act']

10. The statement of objects and reasons for enacting the

Domestic Violence Act clearly stipulates that in order to protect the women

against violence of any kind occurring within the family. The phenomenon

of Domestic Violence is widely prevalent but has remained largely invisible

in the public domain. Presently, where a woman is subjected to cruelty by

her husband or relatives, it is an offence under Section 498-A of the Indian

Penal Code. The Civil law does not however address the phenomenon in its

entirety.

11. With the above, let us now consider various provisions of the

'DV Act' for institution of proceedings as contemplated under the Domestic

Violence Act.

12. Section 2(f) defines 'domestic relationship'"; Section 2 (i)

defines "Magistrate" means the Judicial Magistrate of the first class, or as

the case may be, the Metropolitan Magistrate, exercising jurisdiction under

the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) in the area, where the

aggrieved person resides temporarily or otherwise or the respondent resides

or the domestic violence is alleged to have taken place; Section 3 provides

'Definition of domestic violence'. Accordingly, for the purposes of this Act,

any act, omission or commission or conduct of the respondent shall

constitute domestic violence in case it:

“(a) harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life,

limb or well being, whether mental or physical, of the

aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing

physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse

and economic abuse; or

(b) harasses, harms, injures or endangers the aggrieved

person with a view to coerce her or any other person

related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry

or other property or valuable security; or

(c) has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or

any person related to her by any conduct mentioned in

clause (a) or clause (b); or

(d) otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or

mental, to the aggrieved person.

Explanation I.-For the purposes of this section,-

(i) “physical abuse” means any act or conduct which is of

such a nature as to cause bodily pain, harm, or danger to

life, limb, or health or impair the health or development of

the aggrieved person and includes assault, criminal

intimidation and criminal force;

(ii) “sexual abuse” includes any conduct of a sexual nature

that abuses, humiliates, degrades or otherwise violates the

dignity of woman;

(iii) "verbal and emotional abuse" includes-

(a) insults, ridicule, humiliation, name calling

and insults or ridicule specially with regard to

not having a child or a male child; and

(b) repeated threats to cause physical pain to

any person in whom the aggrieved person is

interested.

(iv) "economic abuse" includes-

(a) deprivation of all or any economic or financial

resources to which the aggrieved person is entitled under

any law or custom whether payable under an order of a

court or otherwise or which the aggrieved person requires


out of necessity including, but not limited to, household

necessities for the aggrieved person and her children, if

any, stridhan, property, jointly or separately owned by the

aggrieved person, payment of rental related to the shared

household and maintenance;

(b) disposal of household effects, any alienation of assets

whether movable or immovable, valuables, shares,

securities, bonds and the like or other property in which

the aggrieved person has an interest or is entitled to use by

virtue of the domestic relationship or which may be

reasonably required by the aggrieved person or her

children or her stridhan or any other property jointly or

separately held by the aggrieved person; and

(c) prohibition or restriction to continued access to

resources or facilities which the aggrieved person is

entitled to use or enjoy by virtue of the domestic

relationship including access to the shared household.

Explanation II.—For the purpose of determining whether

any act, omission, commission or conduct of the

respondent constitutes “domestic violence” under this

section, the overall facts and circumstances of the case

shall be taken into consideration.”

13. Section 12 contemplates 'Application to Magistrate' and

accordingly, an aggrieved person or a Protection Officer or any other person

on behalf of the aggrieved person may present an application to the

Magistrate seeking one or more relief under this Act.

14. Section 26 provides 'Relief in other suits and legal

proceedings'. Sub-clause (1) states that any relief available under sections

18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 may also be sought in any legal proceeding, before a

civil court, family court or a criminal court, affecting the aggrieved person

and the respondent, whether such proceeding was initiated before or after

the commencement of this Act. Sub-clause (2) states that 'Any relief

referred to in sub-section (1) may be sought for in addition to and along

with any other relief that the aggrieved person may seek in such suit or legal

proceeding before a civil or criminal court.

15. Section 26 is an enabling provision, facilitating the litigants to

seek other reliefs of civil nature before the civil court and family court. The

said provision would not change the character of the criminal proceedings

to be conducted by the Magistrate court under the provisions of the

Domestic Violence Act.

16. Section 27 denotes the 'Jurisdiction', which is extracted

hereunder:-

"27. Jurisdiction.-(1) The court of Judicial Magistrate

of the first class or the Metropolitan Magistrate, as the

case may be, within the local limits of which-

(a) the person aggrieved permanently or temporarily

resides or carries on business or is employed; or

(b) the respondent resides or carries on business or is

employed; or

(c) the cause of action has arisen, shall be the competent

court to grant a protection order and other orders under

this Act and to try offences under this Act.

(2) Any order made under this Act shall be enforceable

throughout India."

17. Section 28 deals with the 'Procedure'. Sub-clause (1)

contemplates states that "Save as otherwise provided in this Act, all

proceedings under sections 12,18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23 and offences under section 31 shall be governed by the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974)."

18. Thus, the provisions of the 'DV Act' are unambiguous that an

application is entertainable before the Judicial Magistrate Class I or the Metropolitan Magistrate as the case may be for seeking one or more reliefs under the Act.

19. Let us now look into Section 31, which contemplates -

'Penalty for breach of protection order by respondent'. A breach of

protection order, or of an interim protection order, by the respondent shall

be an offence under this Act and shall be punishable with imprisonment of

either description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine,

which may extend to twenty thousand rupees, or with both.

20. Section 33 deals with 'Penalty for not discharging duty by

Protection Officer'. If any Protection Officer fails or refuses to discharges

his duties as directed by the Magistrate in the protection order without any

sufficient cause, he shall be punished with imprisonment of either

description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may

extend to twenty thousand rupees, or with both.

21. Section 29 deals with 'Appeal' - There shall lie an appeal to

the Court of Session within thirty days from the date on which the order made by the Magistrate is served on the aggrieved person or the respondent, as the case may be, whichever is later.

22. Cogent reading of all the provisions considered above,

undoubtedly, the proceedings under the 'DV Act' are regulated under the

Code of Criminal Procedure as contemplated under Section 28 of the 'DV

Act'. Thus, a complaint registered under Section 12 of the Domestic

Violence Act is criminal proceedings on the criminal side of the judiciary

and accordingly, the said proceedings are to be regulated under the Criminal

Procedure Code.

23. Section 26 of the 'DV Act' contemplates that reliefs under

Sections 18 to 22 may be sought for by instituting proceedings before the

Civil Court, Family Court or the Criminal Court. The said provision grant

liberty to the litigants to file independent applications/petitions before the

Family Court, Civil Court or Criminal Court under various provisions of the

other Statutes. For example, a custody petition may be filed under the


Guardian and Wards Act, a Maintenance Petition may be filed under Section

125 of the Cr.P.C., or before the Family Court as the case may be and such

reliefs of Civil nature is contemplated, enabling the litigants to redress their

grievances with reference to the other enactments. Such facility or option

provided to the litigants would not change the character of the nature of

criminal proceedings instituted under the 'DV Act' and it is only an alternate

relief and in the event of obtaining any such order from any other Court, it is

mandatory that such reliefs obtained must be informed before the Magistrate

Court in the Domestic Violence Act proceedings. This being the rider clause

as contemplated, the intention of the legislatures are to provide multiple

options to the women litigants to redress their grievances in a speedy

manner and in the event of obtaining any such reliefs from any other Court,

the said order or proceedings must be informed to the Magistrate Court in

respect of the Domestic Violence litigation instituted under Section 12 of

the 'DV Act'.

24. The relief granted under Section 26 of the Domestic Violence

Act is in addition to the reliefs, which can be obtained under the 'DV Act'

itself. Thus, it is an additional provision as contemplated, facilitating the

women litigants to avail the remedies with reference to the other special

enactments. In other words, the 'DV Act' would not prohibit the litigants

from redressing their grievances before the Civil Court under a particular

enactment, which provides reliefs for the women litigants.

25. Section 26 further permits an aggrieved person to seek reliefs

in a pending proceedings, which were instituted even before the

commencement of the Domestic Violence Act. Thus, the legislative

intention under Section 26 is to provide multiple options to the aggrieved

women litigants to redress their grievances in a speedy manner and further,

not to prohibit such litigants from approaching the Civil Court for

appropriate relief as contemplated under various other enactments, even

after the institution of proceedings under 'DV Act'.


26. Sub-Clause (2) to Section 26 is clear that any relief referred to

in sub-section (1) may be sought for in addition to and along with any other

relief that the aggrieved person may seek in such suit or legal proceeding

before a civil or criminal court. Therefore, the said provisions under the

'DV Act' would not alter the nature of criminal proceedings instituted under

the 'DV Act'.

27. Sub-clause (3) to Section 26 contemplates 'in case any relief

has been obtained by the aggrieved person in any proceedings other than a

proceeding under the 'DV Act', she shall be bound to inform the Magistrate

of the grant of such relief'. Thus, on a conjoint reading of sub-clause to

Section 26 make it very clear that it is an enabling provision and in the event

of obtaining any relief from other Courts, namely, Civil Court or Family

Court or Criminal Court, the said facts are to be placed before the

Magistrate Court in a Domestic Violence case instituted under the Act.

28. It is needless to state that the right of appeal is a Statutory


right under the Domestic Violence Act. Section 29 contemplates appeal to

the Court of Sessions and, therefore, for all purposes, the proceedings under

the Domestic Violence Act is a criminal proceeding, which is regulated

under the Cr.P.C and throughout the Act, the provisions contemplates the

powers of Judicial Magistrate/Metropolitan Magistrate.

29. Perusal of Section 3 of the Domestic Violence Act,

unambiguously clarifies that all such offences as contemplated are relatable

to bodily injuries and other related offences. Thus, those offences defined

Section 3 of the Domestic Violence Act are criminal in nature and certain

offences are falling under the provisions of the Indian Penal Code.

30. Sub clause (a), (b), (c), (d) to Section 3 of the Domestic

Violence Act deals with the offences relatable mostly to the bodily injuries

and other criminal natured offences. Thus, the Domestic Violence Act is a

Special Act enacted for the purpose of dealing with the Domestic Violences,

which all are contemplated and defined under the Act and the same cannot

be compared with other civil natured proceedings, to be initiated under the

provisions of the Civil Procedure Code, Family Courts Act or the Marriage

laws.

31. The legal maxim is Generalia Specialibus non derogant

(when there is a conflict, general and special provision, the later will

prevail). In this context, it is to be held that Special Act will prevail over the

General laws. When a Special enactment is in force to deal with certain

specific offences, in the present context, Domestic Violence Act, then the

other general laws cannot have any application and all such Domestic

Violences are to be tried by following the procedures as contemplated under

the Special Enactment and this being the legal principles, the application

under Section 12 of the Domestic Violence Act cannot be construed as a

civil natured proceedings.

FAMILY COURTS ACT, 1984

32. Section 3 of the Family Courts Act, 1984 provides

Establishment of Family Courts. Chapter III, Section 7 of the Family Courts

Act deals with 'Jurisdiction' which provides as under:

“7. Jurisdiction.—(1) Subject to the other

provisions of this Act, a Family Court shall—

(a) have and exercise all the jurisdiction exercisable by

any district court or any subordinate civil court under any law

for the time being in force in respect of suits and proceedings

of the nature referred to in the Explanation; and

(b) be deemed, for the purposes of exercising such

jurisdiction under such law, to be a district court or, as the

case may be, such subordinate civil court for the area to which

the jurisdiction of the Family Court extends.

Explanation.—The suits and proceedings referred to in this

sub-section are suits and proceedings of the following nature,

namely:—

(a) a suit or proceeding between the parties to a marriage

for a decree of nullity of marriage (declaring the marriage to

be null and void or, as the case may be, annulling the

marriage) or restitution of conjugal rights or judicial

separation or dissolution of marriage;

(b) a suit or proceeding for a declaration as to the

validity of a marriage or as to the matrimonial status of any

person;

(c) a suit or proceeding between the parties to a marriage

with respect to the property of the parties or of either of them;

(d) a suit or proceeding for an order or injunction in

circumstance arising out of a marital relationship;

(e) a suit or proceeding for a declaration as to the

legitimacy of any person;

(f) a suit or proceeding for maintenance;

(g) a suit or proceeding in relation to the guardianship of

the person or the custody of, or access to, any minor.

(2) Subject to the other provisions of this Act, a Family

Court shall also have and exercise—

(a) the jurisdiction exercisable by a Magistrate of the first

class under Chapter IX (relating to order for maintenance of

wife, children and parents) of the Code of Criminal Procedure,

1973 (2 of 1974); and

(b) such other jurisdiction as may be conferred on it by

any other enactment.”

33. Section 7, Sub Clause (a) of the Family Courts Act stipulates

the Family Court shall have and exercise all the jurisdiction exercisable by

any district court or any subordinate civil court under any law for the time

being in force in respect of suits and proceedings of the nature referred to in

the Explanation. Sub Clause (b) states that the Family Court shall be

deemed, for the purposes of exercising such jurisdiction under such law, to

be a district court or, as the case may be, such subordinate civil court for the

area to which the jurisdiction of the Family Court extends.

34. Explanations provided under Section 7 of the Act elaborates

the nature of disputes, which all are to be adjudicated before the Family

Court. Section 7(2) of the Act empowers the jurisdiction exercisable by a

Magistrate of the first class under Chapter IX (relating to order for

maintenance of wife, children and parents) of the Code of Criminal

Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974). Thus, the applications, which all are filed,

seeking Maintenance for wife, children and parents alone shall be tried by

exercising the powers conferred under Section 7(2)(a) of the Family Courts

Act, 1984. Thus, with reference to the jurisdiction as contemplated under the

Domestic Violence Act, the Family Courts/Civil Courts are not having

jurisdiction to deal with certain offences defined under the provisions of the

Domestic Violence Act.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE

35. Section 407 of the Code of Civil Procedure Code provides

Power of High Court to transfer cases and appeals. Accordingly, the High

Court is empowered to transfer the case from one Court to another Court as

the case may be as contemplated under the provisions of 407 of the Code of

Civil Procedure.

CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE

36. Under Section 24 of the Code of Civil Procedure, Civil

proceedings can be transferred from one Civil Court to another Civil Court.

37. However, Criminal proceedings cannot be transferred from a

Criminal Court of Law to a Civil Court/Family Court and all the more by

exercising the supervisory power under Article 227 of the Constitution of India.

ARTICLE 227 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

38. In the case of Shalini Shyam Shetty and another vs.

Rajendra Shankar Patil, reported in (2010) 8 SCC 329, the Apex Court

elaborately considered the High Court's Power of Superintendence under

Article 227 of the Constitution has its origin as early as in Indian High

Courts Act of 1861. This concept of superintendence has been borrowed

from English Law. The power of superintendence owes its origin to the

supervisory jurisdiction of King's Bench in England. In the Presidency

towns of the then Calcutta, Bombay, Madras initially Supreme Court was

established under the Regulating Act of 1793. Those Courts were endowed

with the power of superintendence, similar to the powers of Kings Bench

under the English Law. Then the Indian High Courts in three Presidency

towns were endowed with similar jurisdiction of superintendence. Such

power was conferred on them under Section 15 of the Indian High Courts

Act, 1861.

39. Then in the Government of India Act, 1915 Section 107


continued this power of superintendence with the High Court. Section 107

of the Government of India Act, 1915 was structured, providing Powers of

High Court with respect to subordinate Courts. In the Government of India

Act, 1935, the said Section 107 was continued with slight changes in

Section 224 of the Act. The history of this power has been elaborately traced

by a Division Bench of Calcutta High Court in the case of Jahnabi Prosad

Banerjee and another vs. Basudeb Paul & others, reported in AIR 1950

Calcutta 536 and that was followed in a Division Bench Judgment of

Allahabad High Court in the case of Sukhdeo Baiswar vs. Brij Bhushan

Misra and others in AIR 1951 Allahabad 667.

40. The history of Article 227 has also been traced by the Apex

Court in its Constitutional Bench judgment in the case of Waryam Singh  and another vs. Amarnath and another [AIR 1954 SC 215]

41. About the nature of the power of superintendence, Apex Court

relied on the Special Bench judgment delivered by Chief Justice Harries in

the case of Dalmia Jain Airways Limited vs. Sukumar Mukherjee (AIR 1951 Calcutta 193).

42. In paragraph 14 page 217 of Waryam Singh (supra), Supreme

Court neatly formulated the ambit of High Court's power under Article 227

in the following words:

"This power of superintendence conferred by Article 227 is,

as pointed out by Harries C.J., in `Dalmia Jain Airways Ltd. v.

Sukumar Mukherjee', AIR 1951 Cal 193 (SB) (B), to be

exercised most sparingly and only in appropriate cases in

order to keep the Subordinate Courts within the bounds of their

authority and not for correcting mere errors."

43. Chief justice Harries in the Full Bench decision in Dalmia

(supra) stated the principles on which the High Court can exercise its power

under Article 227 very succinctly which, we would better, quote:

"6. Though this Court has a right to interfere with decisions

of Courts and tribunals under its power of superintendence, it

appears to me that that right must be exercised most sparingly

and only in appropriate cases. The matter was considered by a

Bench of this Court in Manmathanath v. Emperor, AIR 1933

Cal 132. In that case a Bench over which Sir George Rankin

C. J. presided held that Section 107, Government of India Act

(which roughly corresponds to Article 227 of the Constitution),

does not vest the High Court with limitless power which may

be exercised at the Court's discretion to remove the hardship

of particular decisions. The power of superintendence it

confers is a power of a known and well-recognised character

and should be exercised on those judicial principles which

give it its character. In general words, the High Court's power

of superintendence is a power to keep subordinate Courts

within the bounds of their authority, to see that they do what

their duty requires and that they do it in a legal manner."

44. The power of the High Court under Article 227 to be plenary

and unfettered but at the same time, the High Court should be cautious in its

exercise. Thus, the power of superintendence is not to be exercised unless

there has been an (a) unwarranted assumption of jurisdiction, not vested in

Court or tribunal, or (b) gross abuse of jurisdiction or (c) an unjustifiable

refusal to exercise jurisdiction vested in Courts or Tribunals.

45. The jurisdiction under Article 227 on the other hand is not

original nor is it appellate. This jurisdiction of superintendence under

Article 227 is for both administrative and judicial superintendence.

Therefore, the powers conferred under Articles 226 and 227 are separate and

distinct and operate in different fields. Jurisdiction under Article 227 is

exercised by the High Court for vindication of its position as the highest

judicial authority in the State. But in cases, where the High Court exercise

its jurisdiction under Article 227, such exercise is entirely discretionary

and no person can claiming it as as a matter of right.

46. In the case of Jasbir Singh vs. State of Punjab, reported in

2006 (8) SCC 294, the Hon'ble Supreme Court relied on the case of Mohd.

Yunus Vs. Mohd. Mustaqim AIR 1984 SC 38, Wherein the Apex Court

held as follows:

"The supervisory jurisdiction conferred on the High

Court's under Article 227 of the Constitution is limited "to

seeing that an inferior Court or Tribunal functions within the

limits of its authority," and not to correct an error apparent

on the face of the record, much less an error of law.. In

exercising its supervisory powers under Article 227, the High

Court does not act as an appellate court or Tribunal. It will

not review or reweigh the evidence upon which the inferior

court or tribunal purports to be based or to correct any

errors of law in the decision."

........This Court also made almost similar

observations in State Vs. Navjot Sandhu (2003) 6 SCC 641.

“So, even while invoking the provisions of Article 227 of

the Constitution, it is provided that the High Court would

exercise such powers most sparingly and only in

appropriate cases in order to keep the subordinate courts

within the bounds of their authority. The power of

superintendence exercised over the subordinate courts and

tribunals does not imply that the High Court can intervene

in the judicial functions of the lower judiciary. The

independence of the subordinate courts in the discharge of

their judicial functions is of paramount importance, just as

the independence of the superior courts in the discharge of

their judicial functions. It is the members of the subordinate

judiciary who directly interact with the parties in the course

of proceedings of the case and therefore, it is no less

important that their independence should be protected

effectively to the satisfaction of the litigants.”

47. In a recent judgment in the case of Mohd.Inam Vs. Sanjay

Kumar Singhal & Ors, the Apex Court in Civil Appeal No.2697 of 2020

dated 26.06.2020, considered the principles:

His Lordship B.R. GAVAI, J., while speaking for the

Bench, held as follows:

“32. It is a well settled principle of law, that in the guise

of exercising jurisdiction under Article 227 of the

Constitution of India, the High Court cannot convert itself

into a court of appeal. It is equally well settled, that the

supervisory jurisdiction extends to keeping the subordinate

tribunals within the limits of their authority and seeing

that they obey the law. It has been held, that though the

powers under Article 227 are wide, they must be exercised

sparingly and only to keep subordinate courts and

Tribunals within the bounds of their authority and not to

correct mere errors. Reliance in this respect can be placed

on a catena of judgments of this Court including the ones

in Satyanarayan Laxminarayan Hegde & Ors. vs.

Millikarjun Bhavanappa Tirumale10, Bathutmal Raichand

Oswal vs. Laxmibai R. 10 (1960) 1 SCR 890 Tarta &

Anr.11, M/s India Pipe Fitting Co. vs. Fakruddin M.

A.Baker & Anr.12, Ganpat Ladha v. Sashikant Vishnu

Shinde13, Mrs. Labhkuwar Bhagwani Shaha & Ors. vs.

Janardhan Mahadeo Kalan & Anr.14, Chandavarkar Sita

Ratna Rao vs. Ashalata S. Guram15, Venkatlal G. Pittie

and another vs. Bright Bros (Pvt.) Ltd.16, State of

Maharashtra vs. Milind & Ors.17, State Through Special

Cell, New Delhi vs. Navjot Sandhu Alias Afshan Guru and

others18, Ranjeet Singh vs. Ravi Prakash19, Shamshad

Ahmad & Ors. vs. Tilak Raj Bajaj (Deceased) Through

LRs. and others20, Celina Coelho Pereira (Ms.) and others

vs. Ulhas Mahabaleshwar Kholkar and others21.”

48. In yet another judgment in the case of Virudhunagar Hindu

Nadargal Dharma Paribalana Sabai v. Tuticorin Educational Society,

(2019) 9 SCC 538, the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in unambiguous

terms held as follows:

“12. But courts should always bear in mind a distinction

between (i) cases where such alternative remedy is available

before civil courts in terms of the provisions of Code of Civil

Procedure, and (ii) cases where such alternative remedy is

available under special enactments and/or statutory rules and

the fora provided therein happen to be quasi-judicial

authorities and tribunals. In respect of cases falling under the

first category, which may involve suits and other proceedings

before civil courts, the availability of an appellate remedy in

terms of the provisions of CPC, may have to be construed as a

near total bar. Otherwise, there is a danger that someone may


challenge in a revision under Article 227, even a decree passed

in a suit, on the same grounds on which Respondents 1 and 2

invoked the jurisdiction of the High Court. This is why, a 3-

member Bench of this Court, while overruling the decision

in Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai [Surya Dev Rai v. Ram

Chander Rai, (2003) 6 SCC 675] , pointed out in Radhey

Shyam v. Chhabi Nath [Radhey Shyam v. Chhabi Nath, (2015)

5 SCC 423 : (2015) 3 SCC (Civ) 67] that “orders of civil court

stand on different footing from the orders of authorities or

tribunals or courts other than judicial/civil courts”.

13. Therefore wherever the proceedings are under the Code

of Civil Procedure and the forum is the civil court, the

availability of a remedy under the CPC, will deter the High

Court, not merely as a measure of self-imposed restriction, but

as a matter of discipline and prudence, from exercising its

power of superintendence under the Constitution. Hence, the

High Court ought not to have entertained the revision under

Article 227 especially in a case where a specific remedy of

appeal is provided under the Code of Civil Procedure itself.”

49. The above judgments of the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India

as well as the High Courts with reference to the principles settled for

exercise of supervisory power under Article 227 of the Constitution of

India, it is consistent that the scope of the power is limited and to be

exercised sparingly and certainly, it cannot be exercised overriding the

provisions of the Special Enactments, wherein specific reliefs are provided

for redressal.

50. In this context, the Family Courts Act deals with Family

disputes and the powers and jurisdiction of the Family Courts are

unambiguously enumerated in the Statute itself. Thus, the proceedings

instituted under the Family Courts Act before the Family Courts are to be

regulated in accordance with the provisions as contemplated. Equally, an

application filed under Section 12 of the Domestic Violence Act is to be

regulated under the provisions of the 'DV Act' and the application registered

under Section 12 of the Domestic Violence Act is a criminal proceedings

and the entire provisions of the 'DV Act' unambiguously portrays that the

nature of proceedings are under criminal law. The procedures as

contemplated under the Criminal Procedure Code is to be followed for trial

of the cases under the 'DV Act'. Thus, there is no reason to form an opinion

that application filed under the 'DV Act' is a “Civil natured proceedings”.


Offences against the women are falling both under criminal law and under

civil law. In a family dispute, when there is a possibility of institution of

both criminal proceedings and civil proceedings, the 'DV Act' contemplates

certain enabling provisions, permitting the aggrieved women to file civil

cases before the Civil Court and Family Courts under the respective

Statutes, in order to redress their grievances. However, the said facts are to

be informed before the Magistrate Court concerned. Section 26 in this

regard clarifies that aggrieved person may sought for such reliefs before the

Civil Courts and Family Courts by filing an appropriate application and by

following the procedures as contemplated under the Special enactments.

51. This being independent procedures as contemplated under

various Special enactments, the transfer of cases to be followed strictly in

consonance with the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code and Civil

Procedure Code. When the scope of Article 227 does not permit the High

Court to entertain a transfer petition to transfer a criminal case to a Civil

Court or a civil case to a Criminal Courts, then the conversion of such

power under Article 227 for transfer of cases is certainly beyond the scope

of the principles settled by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in various judgments

discussed elaborately in the aforementioned paragraphs.

52. Thus, the power of transfer conferred under the Code of

Criminal Procedure and the Code of Civil Procedure are expected to be

exercised by the High Courts and such power of transfer is not traceable

under Article 227 of the Constitution of India. Jurisdiction, which is not

traceable under Article 227 of the Constitution of India cannot be exercised,

which would result in excess exercise of power, which is not desirable.

53. It is relevant to look into Clause 13 of the Letters Patent,

wherein it is contemplated as follows:

“13. Extraordinary original civil jurisdiction: - And we do

further obtain that the High Court of Judicature at Madras,

shall have power to remove, and to try and determine, as a

Court of Extraordinary Original Jurisdiction, any suit being or

falling within the jurisdiction of any Court, whether within or

without the Presidency of Madras, subject to its

superintendence, when the said High Court shall think proper to

do so, either on the agreement of the parties to that effect, or for

purposes of justice, the reasons for so doing being recorded on

the proceedings of the said High Court.

54. Even under the above provision, the suits alone are mentioned

and the criminal proceedings are not mentioned in the Letters Patent. Thus,

power of transfer of cases from Criminal Court of law to Civil Court or

Family Court is not traceable under Article 227 of the Constitution of India.

55. The Domestic Violence Act, Family Courts Act, Law for

Maintenance, Custody of Children etc., are enacted for the welfare and to

protect the interest of the women in our great Nation. The Special

enactments provide varieties of reliefs, enabling the aggrieved women to

redress their grievances by following the procedures as contemplated.

These Special Enactments are self-regulated and the jurisdiction of the

Courts constituted and the powers and the procedures are also enumerated.

While so, there is no reason whatsoever to deviate from the provisions of

such special enactments for the purpose of invoking Article 227 of the

Constitution of India. In other words, the proceedings under those special

enactments are to be regulated in accordance with the provisions of such

Acts and not otherwise. The scope of the power of superintendence of

Subordinate Courts by the High Court under Article 227 of the Constitution

are entirely distinct and different and the same cannot be exercised for the

purpose of transfer of cases from Criminal Court to the Family Court or the

Civil Court.

56. The special enactments are for the protection of women and

for their welfare. Thus, the multiple options provided under various special

enactments, facilitating the aggrieved women to redress their grievances are

to be dealt in accordance with the provisions of such enactments and speedy

disposal being the paramount importance, Courts are bound to ensure all

such cases, affecting the women must be disposed of at the earliest possible.

Protraction and prolongation of such litigations can never be encouraged by

the Courts.

57. Conjoint reading of Section 44 of the Indian Penal Code and

Section 3 of the Domestic Violence Act portrays the nature of injuries for

initiation of proceedings under the Domestic Violence Act. Undoubtedly,

all such bodily injuries are serious in nature and affecting the fundamental

rights of women. Thus, initiation of proceedings under the Domestic

Violence Act with reference to the bodily injuries contemplated under the

provisions of the Act, are Criminal acts and therefore, the Domestic

Violence proceedings are criminal in nature and to be tried by the

competent Judicial Magistrate. The word “injury” is defined in Section 44

of the Indian Penal Code as the word “injury” denotes 'any harm

whatsoever illegally caused to any person, in body, mind, reputation or

property'.

58. Thus, the injuries enumerated under the provisions of the

Domestic Violence Act are bodily injuries, which all are offences as

contemplated under the Penal laws. Thus, all such offences / bodily injuries

as contemplated under the Domestic Violence Act are against the society at

large and therefore, the proceedings are criminal proceedings and the

competent criminal Court of Law is empowered to try those cases. Section

28 of the Domestic Violence Act states that the proceedings are to be

regulated under the Criminal Procedure Code. Thus, such criminal

proceedings instituted under the Domestic Violence Act cannot be

converted as Civil proceedings nor construed as proceedings of civil nature,

so as to transfer such criminal proceedings before the Civil Court or Family

Court by exercising the supervisory powers under Article 227 of the

Constitution of India.

59. In view of the discussions made elaborately in the

aforementioned paragraphs, this Court has no hesitation in concluding that

all proceedings initiated under the provisions of the Domestic Violence Act

are criminal proceedings and the competent criminal Court of Law is

empowered to try such proceedings. Thus, any transfer petition, if at all

filed to transfer a case registered under the Domestic Violence Act must be

entertained only under the Code of Criminal Procedure and certainly not by

invoking the powers under Article 227 of the Constitution of India, to

transfer the said case to the Civil Court or Family Court.

60. In the event of transferring the Domestic Violence Act

proceedings to the Family Court or Civil Court, the said Courts cannot have

any jurisdiction to try and convict under the penal provisions as

contemplated under the Domestic Violence Act. Thus, aggrieved women,

who instituted the proceedings under Section 12 of the Domestic Violence

Act is deprived of getting appropriate reliefs and justice as contemplated

under the provisions of the Domestic Violence Act. Thus, such transfers

would defeat the very purpose and object of the penal provisions as

contemplated under the Domestic Violence Act and the punishments

indicated therein. Further, by transferring the Domestic Violence case from

Magistrate Court / Metropolitan Magistrate to the Family Court / Civil

Court, the High Court is not empowered to confer any additional powers or

jurisdiction to such Family Courts or Civil Courts, which is beyond the

scope of the provisions of the Family Courts Act and Domestic Violence

Act. Thus, the powers not conferred under the Special enactments cannot be

exercised nor such an exercise may be done by invoking Article 227 of the

Constitution of India.

61. It is relevant to consider that the nature of proceedings,

procedures to be followed as well as the appreciation of evidences to be

considered. Criminal Courts and the Civil Courts are distinct and different.

Nature of reliefs to be granted by the Criminal Court of Law and Civil

Court of Law cannot be compared at all. Thus, the procedural differences

and the distinct nature of proceedings would cause injustice to the parties in

the event of transferring the Criminal proceedings to the Family Court or

Civil Court and therefore, such a transfer would cause prejudice to the

aggrieved persons to redress their grievances in the manner prescribed

under special enactments.

62. For all these reasons, the objections regarding the

maintainability of the transfer petition raised by the Registry, High Court of

Madras, is perfectly in consonance with the provisions of law and the said

objections stands confirmed. Consequently, Tr. CMP SR No.15785 of 2021

is rejected at the SR Stage itself. However, there shall be no order as to

costs.

01-04-2021


Print Page

No comments:

Post a Comment