If a draft order is placed before the sanctioning authority and he is satisfied that nothing needs to be added/deleted therefrom, the grant of sanction cannot be faulted merely on the ground of absence of addition of words to/deletion of words from the draft. We have noticed that PW-3 made four minor corrections to ensure that the substance conforms to the form in which the sanction was required to be given, without altering the substance (i.e. the contents). That there has been a complete absence of application of mind by PW-3 is, thus, not proved; also, that there has been a failure of justice, has not been shown. On facts, we are satisfied that there has been no irregularity, far less illegality, in grant of sanction. We are, thus, not even required to invoke provisions of Section 465, Cr. PC.
{Para 14}
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. OF 2025
[ARISING OUT OF SLP (Crl.) NO. 13997 OF 2024]
DASHRATH Vs THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA
Author: DIPANKAR DATTA, J.
Dated: APRIL 24, 2025.
1. Leave granted.
2. The judgment and order dated 3rd September, 20241 of a learned Judge of
the High Court of Judicature at Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad, is under
challenge in this criminal appeal. By the impugned order, the learned Judge
dismissed a criminal appeal2 carried by the appellant from the judgment of
conviction and order on sentence dated 26th April, 2004 of the Special
Judge, Parbhani3
in Special Case No.05/2000. Upon maintaining the
impugned order
2 Crl. Appeal No. 303 of 2004
3 Special Court
conviction of the appellant under Sections 7 and 13(1)(d) read with 13(2)
of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 19884
, the learned Judge also upheld
the punishment of R.I. of two years and fine of Rs.2,000/- for the offence
punishable under Section 7, and R.I. of a year and fine of Rs.1,000/- for
the offence punishable under Section 13, with default stipulation, imposed
on the appellant.
3. The facts giving rise to the incident of the offence, the trap proceedings and
other factual details have been noted in details by the Special Court as well
as by the High Court. We do not consider it necessary to repeat the same
here.
4. The conviction of the appellant as well as the sentence imposed on him are
questioned by Ms. Meenakshi Arora, learned senior counsel for the
appellant, by raising the following legal contentions:
i. sanction to prosecute was mechanically granted;
ii. investigation was conducted by an Inspector of Police (PW-4),
although in terms of the statutory mandate contained in Section 17
of the PC Act, no officer lower in rank than a Deputy Superintendent
of Police can investigate the crime;
iii. the demand was not proved and the conviction is indefensible having
regard to the law declared by the Constitution Bench of this Court in
Neeraj Dutta v. State (NCT Delhi)5; and
iv. one of the seizure witnesses was related to the complainant.
4 PC Act
5
(2023) 4 SCC 731
3
5. Ms. Arora, in the alternative, submitted that the incident being more than
25 years old and the appellant by passage of time having become a
septuagenarian, the Court may consider altering the sentence, if it were not
inclined to disturb the conviction, so that at this age the appellant is not
made to suffer any imprisonment.
6. In support of her contention, Ms. Arora referred to an order dated 23rd
January, 2025 passed by a coordinate Bench of this Court in H.P.
Venkatesh v. State of Karnataka6
in a case also arising out of a
conviction under the PC Act. There, taking into consideration the facts that
the appellant was a sexagenarian, that the occurrence took place in 2007
and that he had also been dismissed from service, the coordinate Bench in
the peculiar circumstances of the case and in exercise of powers under
Article 142 of the Constitution of India, modified the sentence to 15 days
imprisonment. She prayed for similar indulgence.
7. Per contra, Ms. Rukhmini Bobde, learned counsel for the respondent-State,
contended that the findings returned by the Special Court and the High
Court are based on the evidence led in the trial and having regard to the
answers given by the appellant to the questions in course of his examination
under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 19737
, there could be
little doubt that he had demanded and accepted bribe and, therefore, was
guilty of the charges. She also submitted that the appellant had not spent
a single night in custody and in light of the fact that maximum sentence
permitted by law was not imposed, no interference is called for with the
6 Criminal Appeal No.1466 of 2017
7 Cr. PC
4
discretion exercised by the Special Court. She, accordingly, prayed for
dismissal of the appeal.
8. We have heard Ms. Arora and Ms. Bobde and perused the materials on
record as well as a relevant ‘ORDER’ of the Government of Maharashtra,
referred to in the judgment of the Special Court, on which we have been
able to lay our hands through the search processes that are now available.
9. In developing the first contention, exception has been taken by Ms. Arora
to the sanctioning authority approving the draft order of grant of sanction
without making any changes. From the evidence of the Sub-Divisional
Officer, Parbhani (PW-3), being the sanctioning authority, we find a
categorical assertion that he did not change the wording of the draft
because he did not find it necessary.
10. We find no reason to accept the contention for the reason that follows.
11. There is a legal impediment to prosecute a public servant for corruption, if
there be no sanction. Grant of sanction is an administrative function based
on the subjective satisfaction of the sanctioning authority after due
application of mind to the materials placed before him. Whether sanction
should be granted or not is, however, not about mental satisfaction of the
truth of the facts placed before the officer competent to grant sanction but
all that is necessary for a sanction to be granted is for him to be satisfied
about the existence of a prima facie case.
12. It is no longer res integra that requirement of sanction has a salutary object.
Provisions requiring sanction to prosecute, either under Section 19, PC Act
or Section 197 of the (now repealed) Cr. PC or under Section 218 of the
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 are intended to protect an
5
innocent public servant against unwarranted and mala fide prosecution.
Indubitably, there can be no tolerance to corruption which has the effect of
undermining core constitutional values of justice, equality, liberty and
fraternity; however, at the same time, the need to prosecute and punish
the corrupt is no ground to deny protection to the honest. This is what was
held by this Court in its decision in Manzoor Ali Khan v. Union of India8
while repelling a challenge raised in a Public Interest Litigation to the
constitutional validity of Section 19 of the PC Act.
13. Even otherwise, merely because there is any omission, error or irregularity
in the matter of granting sanction, that does not affect the validity of the
proceedings unless the court records its own satisfaction that such error,
omission or irregularity has resulted in a failure of justice.
14. If a draft order is placed before the sanctioning authority and he is satisfied that nothing needs to be added/deleted therefrom, the grant of sanction cannot be faulted merely on the ground of absence of addition of words to/deletion of words from the draft. We have noticed that PW-3 made four minor corrections to ensure that the substance conforms to the form in which the sanction was required to be given, without altering the substance (i.e. the contents). That there has been a complete absence of application of mind by PW-3 is, thus, not proved; also, that there has been a failure of justice, has not been shown. On facts, we are satisfied that there has been no irregularity, far less illegality, in grant of sanction. We are, thus, not even required to invoke provisions of Section 465, Cr. PC.
8
(2015) 2 SCC 33
6
15. The first contention, therefore, has no merit.
16. Insofar as the second contention urged by Ms. Arora is concerned, we have
noted that the Special Court referred to Government Order dated 19th April,
1969 bearing no. MIS0389/767/CR-140/POL-3, issued in exercise of powers
conferred by the 1st proviso to Section 17 of the PC Act authorizing all the
police inspectors in the Anti-Corruption Bureau of the State of Maharashtra
to investigate any offence punishable thereunder. Considering such legal
position, it was held by the Special Court there was no merit in the
contention that investigation had not been conducted by an officer
competent to do so.
17. Ms. Arora has taken exception by contending that the relevant Government
Order was not brought on record in a manner known to law. Significantly, it
is not the case of the appellant that the such an order does not at all exist.
As referred to above, we have successfully searched for the relevant
Government Order. We have found that it does exist, except that the
relevant year of issuance thereof was mentioned in the judgment of the
Special Court as 1969. We do not know whether the Special Court’s
judgment does refer to the year as 1969 or the paper book version, which
is a typed copy of the judgment of the Special Court, incorrectly mentions
so. Whatever be the position on facts, nothing turns on it. The relevant
Government Order was issued on 19th April, 1989, close on the heels of
enactment of the PC Act. For the sake of satisfaction of the appellant, we
quote the same hereunder:
7
ORDER
Home Department,
Mantralaya, Bombay 400 032
Dated the 19th April 1989
No. MIS/0389/767/CR-140/POL-3. – In exercise of the powers conferred by
the first proviso to section 17 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (XLIX
of 1988), the Government of Maharashtra hereby authorizes all the
Inspectors of Police in the Anti-Corruption Bureau, Maharashtra State, to
investigate any offence punishable under the said Act and to make arrest
therefor without a warrant.
By order and in the name of the
Governor of Maharashtra,
Sd/-
(S.J. Mahajan)
Assistant Secretary to the Government of
Maharashtra
18. Statutory instruments, including rules/regulations/orders are
framed/issued through delegated legislative powers within the
administrative framework, which mirrors the lawmaking process of the
legislature within its framework. The Government Order dated 19th April,
1989 having been issued in terms of authority conferred by the first proviso
to Section 17 of the PC Act, it is an order having the force of a statute and
is, therefore, law. Section 56 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 ordains that
a fact judicially noticeable need not be proved. In terms of Section 57
thereof, the courts shall take judicial notice of, inter alia, all laws in force in
the territory of India. The State Government having authorised by a general
order, which is the law for the present case, that a police officer not below
the rank of an Inspector of Police may investigate any offence punishable
under the PC Act and PW-4 who conducted the investigation being an officer
of the rank of Inspector of Police in the Anti-Corruption Branch, it was not
8
necessary to bring the law on record as evidence in the trial before it could
be relied on; on the contrary, it was the duty of the special court to take
judicial notice of such law, which it did, and we approve of such approach.
In any event, the vires of the said Government Order not having been
questioned by the appellant on any ground, we affirm the finding of the
Special Court in this behalf.
19. On the question of demand not being proved and reliance placed by her on
the decision in Neeraj Dutta (supra), which is the third contention
advanced by Ms. Arora, we are simply not impressed in view of the evidence
tendered by the witnesses for the prosecution, which are on record, as well
as the answers given by the appellant in course of his examination under
Section 313, Cr. PC. The demand, in our view, has been proved without a
doubt. In fact, we appreciate the candour of the appellant while answering
the questions when the circumstances appearing in the evidence against
him were sought to be explained by the Special Court. He answered them
quite frankly. However, the amount of arrears being Rs.5/- + and there
being no material produced by the appellant, in defence, to support his
claim that the sum of arrears were a little short of Rs.500/-, acceptance of
Rs.500/- has not been justified particularly when it was the assertion of the
complainant (PW-1) that after bargaining with the appellant, he had
reduced the demand from Rs.2,000/- to Rs.500/- for making over the 7/12
extracts. The third contention of Ms. Arora is, therefore, equally without
merit.
20. The contention relating to the evidence of the seizure witness (PW-2) has
also not impressed us. His evidence need not be discarded, on the facts of
9
this case, merely because he was related to the complainant, as alleged.
The evidence of the said witness had been found creditworthy as his version
in-chief was not shaken after thorough cross-examination. Hence, we see
no reason to hold that by reason of mere relationship, the conviction would
stand vitiated. In any event, even apart from the seizure witness, the other
evidence on record do suggest that no error was committed by the Special
Court in convicting the appellant and by the High Court in affirming such
conviction.
21. All contentions on merit, therefore, fail.
22. Turning to the final contention regarding alteration of sentence, much
emphasis has been laid by Ms. Arora on the advanced age of the appellant
and the date of the incident and in line with the decision in H.P. Venkatesh
(supra), she has urged us to exercise power under Article 142 of the
Constitution to relieve him of the necessity to serve his prison term.
23. At the outset, we may observe that although a proved offence under Section
7 of the PC Act (as it stood on the date of the offence committed by the
appellant) carried a minimum punishment of six months and maximum of
seven years imprisonment, with fine, and a proved offence under Section
13(1)(d) read with Section 13(2) of the PC Act, at the time of commission
of offence by the appellant, carried a minimum sentence of a year and a
maximum of seven years’ imprisonment, with fine, the appellant was not
sentenced to the maximum terms of punishment but R.I. for two years’ for
each count of offence, to run concurrently. Since the State has not
challenged the sentence, we say no more.
10
24. Before we proceed to consider the prayer for alteration of sentence, which
is based on the decision in H.P. Venkatesh (supra), it would be profitable
now to have a look at some of the precedents as to whether Article 142 of
the Constitution can be invoked for reducing the term of imprisonment lower
than what is prescribed in the statute as the minimum punishment.
25. Narendra Champaklal Trivedi v. State of Gujarat9
is a decision
rendered by a coordinate Bench arising out of a case under the PC Act. The
following passage is instructive:
“30. In view of the aforesaid pronouncement of law, where the minimum
sentence is provided, we think it would not be at all appropriate to exercise
jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India to reduce the
sentence on the ground of the so-called mitigating factors as that would
tantamount to supplanting statutory mandate and further it would amount
to ignoring the substantive statutory provision that prescribes minimum
sentence for a criminal act relating to demand and acceptance of bribe.
The amount may be small but to curb and repress this kind of proclivity
the legislature has prescribed the minimum sentence. It should be
paramountly borne in mind that corruption at any level does not deserve
either sympathy or leniency. In fact, reduction of the sentence would be
adding a premium. The law does not so countenance and, rightly so,
because corruption corrodes the spine of a nation and in the ultimate
eventuality makes the economy sterile.”
26. Further, in Mohd. Hashim v. State of Uttar Pradesh10
, a further
coordinate Bench of this Court made the following pertinent observations:
“19. … We may further elaborate that when the legislature has prescribed
minimum sentence without discretion, the same cannot be reduced by the
courts. In such cases, imposition of minimum sentence, be it imprisonment
or fine, is mandatory and leaves no discretion to the court. However,
sometimes the legislation prescribes a minimum sentence but grants
discretion and the courts, for reasons to be recorded in writing, may award
a lower sentence or not award a sentence of imprisonment. Such discretion
includes the discretion not to send the accused to prison. Minimum
sentence means a sentence which must be imposed without leaving any
discretion to the court. It means a quantum of punishment which cannot
be reduced below the period fixed. If the sentence can be reduced to nil,
then the statute does not prescribe a minimum sentence. A provision that
gives discretion to the court not to award minimum sentence cannot be
9
(2012) 7 SCC 80
10 (2017) 2 SCC 198
11
equated with a provision which prescribes minimum sentence. The two
provisions, therefore, are not identical and have different implications …”
27. In State of Madhya Pradesh v. Vikram Das11, another coordinate Bench
of this Court after referring, inter alia, to the aforesaid decisions held:
“8. In view of the aforesaid judgments that where minimum sentence is
provided for, the court cannot impose less than the minimum sentence. It
is also held that the provisions of Article 142 of the Constitution cannot be
resorted to, to impose sentence less than the minimum sentence.”
28. Law is, thus, well-settled that exercise of power conferred by Article 142, in
a case such as the present where a minimum sentence is prescribed by the
statute, cannot be tinkered, for, the same would amount to legislation by
the Court; and, prescription of a term of sentence quite contrary to what
the Parliament has legislated would be legally impermissible. The statutory
prescription in relation to punishment for a minimum period, unless
challenged, cannot be reduced by this Court even in exercise of powers
under Article 142 of the Constitution.
29. In any event, offences under the PC Act stand on a completely different
footing. Obviously, no court, far less this Court, ought to tolerate corruption
by public servants while discharging official duty attracting provisions of the
PC Act. In exceptional cases, while exercising appellate jurisdiction, a court
may, in judicious exercise of discretion and for reasons to be recorded, alter
the sentence to serve justice for both the society and the offender. However,
to reduce the sentence to a term of imprisonment which is not provided in
the statute and below the minimum period, as prescribed, could be seen as
usurpation of the function of the legislature by this Court.
11 (2019) 4 SCC 125
12
30. At the same time, we are of the view that it is only rarely, and in
extraordinary cases, that this Court may, in the exercise of its plenary power
to temper justice with mercy grant a convict a prison-term waiver. As and
by way of illustration, a convict (on bail) who is too ill to understand why
he needs to be sent to prison or too ill to be taken to prison or the like,
could qualify for grant of extreme leniency by this Court but only on
production of unimpeachable evidence to that effect.
31. This is not such a rare or extraordinary case where justice calls for being
tempered with mercy and hence, we express our inability to follow H.P.
Venkatesh (supra).
32. The statutory provisions contained in the PC Act, relating to prison terms
that could be imposed by way of sentence at the time the appellant indulged
in committing the offences, have been noted.
33. While affirming the conviction of the appellant under Section 7 and Section
13(1)(d) read with Section 13(2), PC Act, but having regard to the date of
the incident of offence, the advanced age of the appellant, the mental
anxiety and continued stress that he must have experienced all these years
induced by the pendency of proceedings, we are of the considered opinion
that imposition of sentence of prison term for the minimum period would
sufficiently serve the interests of justice. Accordingly, we alter the sentence
of 2 years R. I. for the offence under Section 7 to a term of S.I. for a year
without, however, altering the sentence of imprisonment ordered for the
offence under Section 13(1)(d). Both sentences shall run concurrently. This
would be in addition to the fine that has been imposed by the Special Court.
Ordered accordingly.
34. The appellant shall surrender within 6 (six) weeks from date to serve his
sentence. If not paid, the amount of fine may also be paid within such time
as indicated above. In the event, the appellant fails to surrender and or
make payment of the fine amount, this order of alteration of sentence shall
stand recalled and he shall be under obligation to serve the sentence
imposed by the trial court, i.e., term of 2 years R.I.
35. The appeal, accordingly, stands partly allowed.
36. Connected applications, if any, stand closed.
……………….…………….. J.
(DIPANKAR DATTA)
…………………….……….. J.
(MANMOHAN)
NEW DELHI;
APRIL 24, 2025.
Print Page
No comments:
Post a Comment