1) D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal (1997)
Laid down mandatory guidelines on arrest, rights of the arrested person, and protections against custodial torture.
2) Joginder Kumar v. State of UP (1994)
Police cannot arrest a person merely because it has the power; arrest must be necessary and justified.
3) Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar (2014)
Police must follow Section 41 CrPC checklist; no automatic arrest in offences punishable ≤7 years. Introduced Notice of Appearance u/s 41A.
4) K.V. Rajendran v. CBI (2013)
Laid down standards for ordering CBI investigations by courts.
Bail Jurisprudence
5) Gurbaksh Singh Sibbia v. State of Punjab (1980)
Bible of anticipatory bail:
Bail is the rule, jail is the exception.
Courts must balance personal liberty with investigation needs.
6) Satender Kumar Antil v. CBI (2022)
Landmark categorisation for grant of bail, discouraging unnecessary arrests and pre-trial incarceration.
7) Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979)
Right to speedy trial is a fundamental right under Article 21; led to release of undertrial prisoners.
Criminal Trial & Evidence
8) Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra (1984)
Laid down the five golden principles (“Panchsheel”) of circumstantial evidence.
9) State of UP v. Krishna Gopal (1988)
Standard of proof: “Beyond reasonable doubt does not mean beyond all doubt.”
10) State of Punjab v. Balwinder Singh (2012)
Importance of prompt FIR and credibility of prosecution witness testimony.
Rape Laws & Sexual Offences
11) State of Punjab v. Gurmit Singh (1996)
Victim testimony in rape cases—no need for corroboration unless compelling reasons.
12) Deepak Gulati v. State of Haryana (2013)
Explained distinction between consensual sex and rape on false promise of marriage.
13) Independent Thought v. Union of India (2017)
Exception 2 to Section 375 read down → sex with minor wife is rape.
14) Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018)
Decriminalised adultery (Section 497 IPC); affirmed dignity & autonomy under Article 21.
Death Penalty & Sentencing
15) Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980)
Established the “Rarest of Rare” doctrine for awarding death penalty.
16) Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab (1983)
Expanded and illustrated the criteria for rarest of rare cases.
17) Swami Shraddhananda v. State of Karnataka (2008)
Introduced life imprisonment without remission (special category).
Public Order, Terrorism & National Security
18) Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab (1994)
Upheld constitutional validity of TADA; set safeguards for confessions made to police.
19) Yakub Abdul Razak Memon v. State of Maharashtra (2015)
Important regarding TADA trial, mercy petitions, and execution process.
20) NIA v. Zahoor Watali (2019)
Baseline precedent for UAPA bail: very strict, material must only prima facie support accusation.
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