Introduction
The distinction between rights in rem and rights in personam forms the bedrock of legal understanding in property law, contract law, and procedural jurisprudence. This fundamental classification, deeply rooted in Roman law and adopted into Indian legal system through English common law, determines how rights are enforced, against whom they can be exercised, and their scope of application. The recent Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), particularly Section 35, provides a compelling illustration of how this distinction operates in contemporary Indian law, especially regarding judgments that confer legal character.
