The court in all circumstances in complaint cases at the first instance should first prefer issuing
summons or bailable warrant failing which a non-bailable warrant should be issued.
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
(H. L. DATTU AND M. Y. EQBAL JJ.)
VIKAS Vs STATE OF RAJASTHAN
Criminal Appeal No. 1190 of 2013
Citation;(2014) 3 SCC 321
2. This appeal is directed against the order passed by the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jaipur
Bench, Jaipur in S.B. Criminal Misc. Petition No. 1080 of 2013 dated 4th April, 2013, whereby the High
Court has dismissed the petition filed by the appellant under section 482 of Criminal Procedure Code,
1973 (for short, “the Cr.P.C.”).
3. The Facts in brief are: - The incident occurred on 01.12.2011 at about 4.00 a.m. PW-4, the complainant
had lodged an FIR before the Police Station at Singhana, District Jhunjhunu to the effect that PW5, the
daughter of the Complainant, Sonu was abducted by the accused persons namely Deshram, Vikash, Ravi
Kumar and Amit Kumar. On the fateful day, PW-5, had gone out of her house, when the appellant along
with the other accused persons hatched a conspiracy to forcibly abduct her and in pursuance of the same
abducted PW-5.
4. The FIR was registered and after completion of the investigation, the investigating agency had filed a
charge-sheet against the accused, Amit Kumar (A1) for the offences under Sections 363, 366 and 376 of
Indian Penal Code (“the IPC” for short) and Ravi Kumar (A2) and Ajit (A3) for the offences under
Sections 363, 366(A) and 120B of the IPC. The Trial Court, thereafter, commenced with the trial against
A1, A2 and A3 respectively.
5. During the course of trial, the Trial Court appreciated the evidence available on record and framed
charges against A1 under Sections 363, 366 and 376 and under Sections 363, 366(A) and 120B of the IPC
against A2. Thereafter, PW4, filed an application before the Trial Court under Section 319 of the Cr.P.C.
for the trial of the appellant along with the other accused persons for having been involved in the
commission of the offence.
6. The Trial Court placing reliance on the evidence produced in the course of the trial has come to the
conclusion that the court is satisfied that the appellant has committed an offence for which the appellant
can be tried along with the other accused persons and therefore had taken cognizance for the offences
under Sections 363, 366(A), 120B and 376(2)(g) of the IPC against the appellant herein and were
summoned through an issuance of a non-bailable warrant.
7. Being aggrieved by the issuance of the non-bailable warrant, the appellant filed an application before
the Trial Court for converting the non-bailable warrant into bailable warrant. The Trial Court, by its order
dated 04.03.13 rejected the application of the appellant.
8. Aggrieved by the order of the Trial Court, the appellant had filed an appeal before the High Court. The
High Court after re- consideration confirmed the order of the Trial Court.
9. It is the correctness or otherwise of the judgment and order passed by the High Court which is called in
question by the appellant in this appeal.
10. Heard learned counsel for the parties to the lis.
11. The learned counsel appearing for the appellant, would submit that the Trial Court, to seek attendance
of the appellant and the other accused persons had issued non-bailable warrants instead of bailable
warrants which was not justified.
12. The only question for consideration before us is whether in the circumstances of the case, the
attendance of the appellant could have been best secured by issuing a summon simplicitor or a bailable
warrant instead of a non-bailable warrant in an application under Section 319 of the Cr.P.C.
13. A Perusal of Section 319 of the Cr.P.C. would clearly indicate that on the objective satisfaction of the
court a person may be ‘arrested’ or ‘summoned’ as the circumstances of the case may require if it appears
from the evidence that any such person not being the accused has committed an offence for which such
person could be tried together with the already arraigned accused persons. The court should exercise
judicial discretion on a consideration of the totality of the facts and circumstances of a given case and in a
manner where proper procedures are followed that are fundamental to the right of fair trial of the accused.
The section demands more circumspection by the Trial Court while exercising its powers since it confers
an extraordinary power and should be used by the court very sparingly thereby ensuring that principles of
rule of law and basic tenets of criminal law jurisprudence are not vitiated.
14. The Constitution of India is the grundnorm- the paramount law of the country. All other laws derive
their origin and are supplementary and incidental to the principles laid down in the Constitution.
Therefore, Criminal Law also derives its source and sustenance from the Constitution. The Constitution,
on one hand, guarantees the Right to Life and Liberty to its citizens under Article 21 and on the other
hand imposes a duty and an obligation on the Judges while discharging their judicial function to protect
and promote the liberty of the citizens. The issuance of non- bailable warrant in the first instance without
using the other tools of summons and bailable warrant to secure attendance of such a person would impair
the personal liberty guaranteed to every citizen under the Constitution. This position is settled in the case
of Inder Mohan Goswami; 2007 12 SCC 1 and in the case of Raghuvansh Dewanchand Bhasin vs. State
of Maharashtra and Anr; (2012) 9 SCC 791 wherein it has been observed that personal liberty and the
interest of the State Civilized countries is the most precious of all the human rights. The American
Declaration of Independence 1776, French Declaration of the Rights of Men and the Citizen 1789,
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights 1966
all speak with one voice - liberty is the natural and inalienable right of every human being. Similarly,
Article 21 of our Constitution proclaims that no one shall be deprived of his liberty except in accordance
with the procedure prescribed by law. The issuance of non-bailable warrant involves interference with
personal liberty. Arrest and imprisonment means deprivation of the most precious right of an individual.
Therefore, this demands that the courts have to be extremely careful before issuing non-bailable warrants.
15. In order to examine the reasoning of the Trial Court, the case is to be understood in its own facts and
circumstances. In the instant case, the Trial Court after appreciating the evidence available had reasonable
satisfaction from the evidence already collected during the trial that the appellant had committed an
offence along with the other accused who had undergone the Trial and therefore issued a non-bailable
warrant to seek the attendance of the appellant- herein under an application of Section 319 of the Cr.P.C.
To appreciate the present case, it is pertinent to discuss the meaning of ‘bailable offences’ and ‘nonbailable
offences’ and the circumstances in which a non-bailable warrant can be issued. In the legislative
history for the purposes of bail, the term ‘bailable’ and ‘non-bailable’ are mostly used to formally
distinguish one of the two classes of cases, viz. 'bailable' offences in which bail may be claimed as a right
in every case whereas the question of grant of bail in non- bailable offences to such a person is left by the
legislature in the court's discretion to be exercised on a consideration of the totality of the facts and
circumstances of a given case. The discretion has, of course, to be a judicial one informed by tradition
methodized by analogy, disciplined by system and sub-ordinated to the primordial necessity of order in
social life. Another such instance of judicial discretion is the issue of non-bailable warrant in a complaint
case under an application of Section 319 of the Cr.P.C. The power under Section 319 of the Cr.P.C being
discretionary must be exercised judiciously with extreme care and caution. The court should properly
balance both personal liberty and societal interest before issuing warrants. There cannot be any straightjacket
formula for issuance of warrants but as a general rule, unless an accused is likely to tamper or
destroy the evidence or is likely to evade the process of law, issuance of non-bailable warrants should be
avoided. The conditions for the issuance of non-bailable warrant are re-iterated in the case of Inder
Mohan Goswami (Supra) and in the case of State of U.P. vs. Poosu and Anr; 1976 3 SCC 1, wherein it is
mentioned that Non-bailable warrant should be issued to bring a person to court when summons or
bailable warrants would be unlikely to have the desired result. This could be when firstly it is reasonable
to believe that the person will not voluntarily appear in court; or secondly that the police authorities are
unable to find the person to serve him with a summon and thirdly if it is considered that the person could
harm someone if not placed into custody immediately. In the absence of the aforesaid reasons, the issue of
non-bailable warrant a fortiori to the application under Section 319 of the Cr.P.C. would extinguish the
very purpose of existence of procedural laws which preserve and protect the right of an accused in a trial
of a case.
16. The court in all circumstances in complaint cases at the first instance should first prefer issuing
summons or bailable warrant failing which a non-bailable warrant should be issued.
17. In view of the above, we modify the orders passed by the Trial Court and confirmed by the High
Court, and direct that summons be issued against the appellant for his appearance instead of non- bailable
warrants which were ordered to be issued against him.
18. The Criminal appeal is disposed of accordingly.
Ordered accordingly.
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