CHHATTISGARH HC (FB) : Additional district Judge can entertain application U/S 34 of arbitration Act

To sum up, as an upshot of the above discussion, M/s. Sarin Construction Company, Raipur (MANU/CG/0051/2005 : AIR 2006 Chh 412) (supra) based on Section 42 of the Act, 1996 and the judgment of Allahabad High Court in M/s. I.T.I. Ltd. Allahabad (MANU/UP/0549/1998 : AIR 1998 All 313) (supra) sailed on the reasoning that the Principal Civil Court of Original Jurisdiction i.e. the Court of District Judge alone has jurisdiction over the arbitral proceedings and all subsequent applications arising out of that agreement, however, the judgments rendered by the different High Courts in preceding paragraphs and the decision of the Supreme Court in Sundaram Finance Limited represented by J. Thilak, Senior Manager (Legal) (MANU/SC/0122/2018 : AIR 2018 SC 965) (supra) would categorically pronounce that the word 'Court' defined in 2 (1)(e) not only includes the Principal Civil Court of Original Jurisdiction i.e. Court of Principal District Judge or District Judge(s), but also includes the Court of Additional District Judge(s), therefore, any application filed under any provision of the Act, 1996 before the Court after passing of the award, including applications under Section 34 or 36 of the Act, 1996, can be heard and decided not only by the District Judge(s), but also by the Court of Additional District Judge(s), upon being made over by the District Judge by a general or special order. In respect of application with regard to an arbitration agreement where the award is yet to be passed, such application may be moved before the District Judge and can be made over to the Court of Additional District Judge by general or special order but in such eventuality any subsequent application till passing of award is to be decided by the same Court, which has dealt with the earlier application, by virtue of Section 42 of the Act, 1996. {Para 43}

 IN THE HIGH COURT OF CHHATTISGARH

W.P. Nos. 227 and 299 of 2018

Decided On: 12.10.2018

A Suo Motu Taken Writ Petition Vs. State of Chhattisgarh

Hon'ble Judges/Coram:

Prashant Kumar Mishra, Manindra Mohan Shrivastava and Ram Prasanna Sharma, JJ.

Author: Prashant Kumar Mishra, J.

Citation: MANU/CG/0529/2018.

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How the court should deal with issue of grant of mesne profits under different types of suits?

 It is necessary at the outset to distinguish between three different types of cases in which a question of profits or mesne profits might arise. (1) Suits for ejectment or recovery of possession of Immovable property from a person in possession without title, together with a claim for past or past & future mesne profits. (2) Suits for partition by one or more tenants-in-common against others with a claim for account of past or past & future profits. (3) Suits for partition by a member of a joint Hindu family with a claim for an account from the manager. In the first case, the possession of the defts. not being lawful, the plff. is entitled to recover "mesne profits" as defined in Section 2, Clause (12), Civ. P. C., such profits being really in the nature of damages. In the second case, the possession & receipt of profits by the deft, not being wrongful the plff's. remedy is to have an account of such profits making all just allowances in favour of the collecting tenant in common. In the third case, the plff. must take the joint family property as it exists at the date of the demand for partition and is not entitled to open up past accounts or claim relief on the ground of past inequality of enjoyment of the profit, except where the manager has been guilty of fraudulent conduct or misappropriation. The plff. would, however, be in the position of a tenant-in-common from the date of severance in status & his rights would have to be worked out on that basis. {Para 3}

4. Order 20, Rule 12, Civil P. C. deals with the first class of suit above referred to, while Order 20, Rule 18, Ideals with the second & the third categories. In view, however, of the considerable reliance placed on Order 20, Rule 12, Civil P. C. in Ghulusum Bivi v. Ahmadsa Rowther, 42 Mad. 296in dealing with the right of a plff. to profits accruing during the pendency of a partition suit, it is desirable to consider the scope of this provision. A claim for possession & a claim for past mesne profits have been held to be based on different causes of action, at any rate, in the decisions of this Court. Order 2, Rule 4, Civil P. C. however permits their joinder in one suit. There is a material difference between a claim for past & a claim for future mesne profits. Order 7, Rule 2, Civil P. C. & Section 7 Sub-section (1), Court fees Act, require that the amount of past mesne profits claimed should be approximately stated in the plaint & ad valorem court-fee should be paid on such amount. These provisions can have no application to future profits, for it is not possible for the plff. to predicate how long the litigation is going to last or give even an approximate statement of the amount of mesne profits that might become payable at the end. The cause of action for future mesne profits is the plff's. being kept out of possession during the suit & arises subsequent to the suit. In empowering Courts to award future mesne profits Order 20, Rule 12, Civ. P. C. makes an exception to the general rule that a plff. can only sue on such cause of action as has arisen on the date of instituting his suit. The object is to avoid the multiplicity of litigation that would result if persons, unlawfully kept out of possession of their lands were obliged to file suits every three years for mesne profits accruing after the institution of a suit in ejectment & during its pendency in the original & appellate Courts. But the plff. could not claim future mesne profits as a matter of right, the cause of action for such profits not having arisen to him at the date of the suit. Hence it is that the power of the Court to award mesne profits subsequent to the suit has been held to be discretionary & a mere omission, as distinguished from a refusal, to grant future mesne profits asked for, has been held not to bar a fresh suit for that relief. Doraiswami v. Subramania, 41 Mad. 188. In re Ekanathalingaswami, I.L.R. (1937) Mad. 284. Section 11, Court-fees Act, (as amended in Madras) requires payment of court-fee on future mesne profits only if the plff. desires to execute the decree awarding him such profits. The Judicial Committee interpreting the provisions of Section 196, Civ. P. C. of 1859 & this Court, construing the corresponding provisions of Order 20, Rule 12 held that whether a plaint contained or not a claim to future profits the Court has the power to grant them under these special provisions, Fakharuddin Mohamed Ashan v. Official Trustee of Bengal, 8 Cal. 178 & Kemgamswami v. Subbamma, 53 Mad. 838. When the Legislature has expressly empowered the Court to grant relief for future mesne profits, that is to say, in respect of a cause of action arising subsequent to the suit, there is no reason to circumscribe this power by importing a qualification that there must have been a specific prayer in the plaint for the recovery of such unascertainable & unpredictable profits. Future mesne profits could, we think, well be awarded as part of the general relief to which a plff. is entitled.

 IN THE HIGH COURT OF MADRAS

FULL BENCH

Civil Revn Petn No. 1695 of 1948

Decided On: 02.02.1951

Babburu Basavayya and Ors. Vs. Babburu Guravayya and Ors.

Hon'ble Judges/Coram:

P.V. Rajamannar, C.J. Vishwanatha Sastri and A.S. Panchapakesa Ayyar, JJ.

Author: P.V. Rajamannar, C.J.

Citation: AIR 1951 Madras 938.

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Bombay HC: IPC Can Simultaneously Be Invoked If Sections Under IT Act(Cyber crime) Don't Address All Ingredients Of Offence

The common thread deducible from various judgments of the Supreme Court covering similar issues, where an act is an offence under a special statute having an overriding effect over the offence covered by the general law like Indian Penal Code, is that in order to exclude the general law or the offence therein, ingredients of the offence defined under the special statute and the Indian Penal Code will have to be the same. If even one ingredient of an offence under the Indian Penal Code is missing in the act which has been made punishable under the special statute, the Indian Penal Code section will not be excluded and still can be resorted to albeit, the provisions of section 71 of the Indian Penal Code and section 26 of the General Clauses Act will have to be borne in mind by the Courts while imposing the sentences.{Para 37}

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY

BENCH AT AURANGABAD

CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 2562 OF 2019

(AWADHESH KUMAR PARASNATH PATHAK V. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ANOTHER)

CORAM : MANGESH S. PATIL, R.G. AVACHAT & SHAILESH P. BRAHME, JJJ.

PRONOUNCED ON : 15 APRIL 2024

JUDGMENT (MANGESH S. PATIL, J.) :

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Bombay HC: Magistrate Must Conduct Enquiry U/S 202 of CRPC Before Summoning Accused Living Beyond its Jurisdiction

 In order to have implementation of the orders issued

by the Constitution Bench in suo motu Writ Petition dated

16/4/2021, the Registrar General of the Bombay High Court has

also issued a circular on 27/1/2022, clearly issuing the following

directions:-

“2 On receipt of any complaint under Section 138 of

N.I. Act, wherever it is found that any accused is resident of

the area beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the magistrate

concerned, an inquiry shall be conducted by the magistrate

to arrive at sufficient grounds to proceed against the

accused as prescribed under Section 202 of Cr.P.C.

3 While conducting any such inquiry under section

202 of Cr.P.C, the evidence of witnesses on behalf of the

complainant shall be permitted to be taken on affidavit. In

suitable cases, the magistrate may restrict the inquiry to

examination of documents without insisting for examination

of witnesses for satisfaction as to the sufficiency of grounds

for proceeding under the said provision”.

7 In our considered view, the question, referred to the

larger Bench, is already answered by the Constitution Bench of

the Apex Court as above, and therefore, we do not deem it

necessary to answer the reference. {Para 6}

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 1344 OF 2010

Bansilal S. Kabra Vs Global Trade Finance Limited & Anr

CORAM: DEVENDRA KUMAR UPADHYAYA, C.J,

BHARATI DANGRE, J & ARIF S. DOCTOR, J

DATED : 16th JANUARY 2024.

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Whether Summary suit based on settled account or Account stated is maintainable?

 In so far as the 'settled account is concerned,' it is no doubt true as noticed by the learned single Judge, that the various judgments adverted to, for holding that the summary suit would lie on a settled account, either of the Privy Council or of the Supreme Court did not arise from suits filed as summary suits. However, after the judgment of the Privy Council (Elvira L. Rodrigues) Sequeira (supra) which has been considered by the Supreme Court in Hiralal & Ors. (supra), a summary suit on a settled account, duly confirmed by the Defendant is maintainable as it is an acknowledgement by the Defendant in the ledger in which mutual accounts have been entered and the accounts settled between them. Such settling of accounts gives rise to a written contract on a fresh cause of action, with an implied promise to pay the amount settled. A summary suit would therefore lie on 'Settled accounts duly confirmed by the defendants. Issue (1) is answered accordingly.{Para 29}

IN THE HIGH COURT OF BOMBAY

Summons for Judgment No. 1117 of 2003 in Summary Suit No. 1551 of 2003 

 Jyotsna K. Valia and Ors. Vs. T.S. Parekh and Co. and Ors.

Hon'ble Judges/Coram:

F.I. Rebello, V.K. Tahilramani and Abhay Shreeniwas Oka, JJ.

Author: F.I. Rebello, J.

Decided On: 26.04.2007

Citation: citations: 2007 (3) BomCR 772, 2007 (4) CTC 257, 2007 (4) MhLj 517,MANU/MH/0252/2007.

Read full Judgment here: Click here.

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What is basic concept of Account stated?

With that, let us consider what constitutes a "settled account" or "account stated". Before further discussing the issue, it would be relevant to refer to some judgments which, in our opinion, shed light on the issue and can be said to have conclusively decided that aspect of the matter. In Tulsiram Shrikisan Marwadi v. Zaboo Bhima Shankar MANU/NA/0041/1947, learned Division Bench was considering as to what would be an account stated. After relying on various judgments, the Court observed as under:

that a real account stated is a very different thing from an acknowledgment. In a real account stated there is consideration in the shape of an agreement that items on one side of the account be taken as paid by items on the other side. In an account stated it does not matter if some of the items are time-barred. It would be different thing if all the items are time-barred, and we see no reason to depart from the view expressed on this point in Ganesh prasad v. Rambati Bai I.L.R. (1942) Nag.369 : MANU/NA/0022/1941 .

The Privy Council had an occasion to deal with the issue in the case of (Elvira Rodrigues) Siqueira v. (Godnicalo Hypolito Construction) Noronha A.I.R. 1934 P C 144. The Privy Council was considering Section 25(3) of the Contract Act, 1872 and Article 64 of the Limitation Act, 1908 whether - a suit could be maintained on a settled account. It is in that context, that Lord Atkin, speaking for the Privy Council, held as under:

Their Lordships think that what has been forgotten is that there are two forms of account stated. An account stated may only take the form of a mere acknowledgment of a debt, and in those circumstances, though it is quite true it amounts to a promise and the existence of a debt may be inferred, that can be rebutted, and it may very well turn out that there is no real debt at all, and in those circumstances there would be no consideration and no binding promise.

But on the other hand, there is another form of account stated which is a very usual form as between merchants in business in which the account stated is an account which contains entries on both sides, and in which the parties who have stated the account between them have agreed that the items on one side should be set against the items upon the other side and the balance only should be paid; the items on the smaller side are set off and deemed to be paid by the items on the larger side, and there is a promise for good consideration to pay the balance arising from the fact that the items have been so set off and paid in the way described.

This judgment was considered by the Supreme Court, in Gordon Woodroffe & Co. (Madras) Ltd. v. Shaikh M.A. Majid & Co. A.I.R. 1976 Sup Cou 181. The second question in issue before the Supreme Court was whether there was a settled account between the parties and whether it was open for the Plaintiff to reopen it. It was an admitted fact that to the statement of accounts, no objections were raised by the Plaintiff any time nor was a single document produced to show that the Plaintiff ever wrote to the Defendant raising an objection to the statements of account. At one stage, the Plaintiff sent a memorandum to the Defendant, accepting the accuracy of the accounts. It is in that context that the Court was considering the concept of "account settled" or "stated" We may gainfully refer to a portion of paragraph 14:

(14) The legal position is that the accounts are settled or stated if they are submitted and accepted as correct by the other side to whom the accounts have been rendered. Such a statement of accounts need not be in writing, nor is it necessary that before the accounts are settled, they should be gone into by the parties and scrutinised and supported by vouchers. It is sufficient if the accounts are accepted and such acceptance may be inferred by conduct of the parties. As observed in Daniell's Chancery Practice, eighth edition, Vol. I, p. 419:

The mere delivery of an account will not constitute a stated account without some evidence of acquiescence which may afford sufficient legal presumption of a settlement.

There is also the following passage in Bullenn and Leake's Precedents of Pleadings ninth edition, p. 584:

It is not enough for the accounting party merely to deliver his account; there must be some evidence that the other party has accepted it as correct. But such acceptance need not be express, contemporaneous or subsequent conduct may amount to a sufficient acquiescence.

After so observing, considering the contention of the Defendants that there has been a stated or settled account, the Court in paragraph 15 held as under:

In this connection it is necessary to state that the expression "account stated" has more than one meaning. It sometimes means a claim to payment made by one party and admitted by the other to be correct. An account stated in this sense is no more than an admission of a debt out of Court: while it is no doubt cogent evidence against the admitting party, and throws upon him the burden of proving that the debt is not due, it may, like any other admission, be shown to have been made in error. Where the transaction is of this character, it makes no difference whether the account is said to be "stated" or to be "stated and agreed": the so-called agreement is without consideration and amounts to no more than an admission. There is, however, a second kind of account stated where the account contains items both of credit and debit, and the figures on both sides are adjusted between the parties and a balance stuck.

Accounts stated which contains entries on both sides and parties who have stated the account between them have agreed that the items on one side should be set off against the items on the other side and the balance amount should be paid, would amount to a written contract for good consideration arising from the fact that the items have been so set off. Such an account stated gives cause to a contract in writing on a fresh cause of action, with an implied promise to pay. {Para 25}

 IN THE HIGH COURT OF BOMBAY

Summons for Judgment No. 1117 of 2003 in Summary Suit No. 1551 of 2003 

 Jyotsna K. Valia and Ors. Vs. T.S. Parekh and Co. and Ors.

Hon'ble Judges/Coram:

F.I. Rebello, V.K. Tahilramani and Abhay Shreeniwas Oka, JJ.

Author: F.I. Rebello, J.

Decided On: 26.04.2007

Citation: citations: 2007 (3) BomCR 772, 2007 (4) CTC 257, 2007 (4) MhLj 517,MANU/MH/0252/2007

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Guidelines of Andhra Pradesh High Court (Full bench) for demolition of unauthorized construction by Municipal Corporation

 Having regard to the rampant, illegal and unauthorised constructions raised in the country as observed in State of Maharashtra's case MANU/SC/0335/1991 : [1991] 2 SCR 745 a (supra) before parting with this case, we would like to formulate the following guidelines to be followed by the respondent in respect of illegal constructions. The guidelines should not be treated as exhaustive but only illustrative and the discretion to be exercised by the Corporation in any given case should not be arbitrary or, capricious.

1) In cases where applications having been duly filed in accordance with law, after fulfilling all requirements, seeking permission to construct buildings and permission was also granted by the Corporation, the power of demolition should be exercised by the Corporation only if the deviations made, during the construction are not in public interest or cause public nuisance or hazardous or dangerous to public safety including the residents therein. If the deviations of violations are minor, minimal or trivial which do not affect public at large, the Corporation will not resort to demolition.

2) whatever is stated in guideline number (1) will also equally apply to the permissions deemed to have been granted under Section 437 of "The Act".

3) If no application has been filed seeking permission and the construction is made without any permission whatsoever, it is open to the Corporation to demolish and pull down or remove the said unauthorised structure in its discretion. Otherwise, having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case, it will be putting a premium on the unauthorised construction.

When the Corporation comes to the conclusion, keeping the above guidelines in view, that the construction in question is required to be demolished or pull down, it should follow the procedure indicated below:

(i) The demolition should not be resorted to during festival days declared by the State Government as public holidays excluding Sundays. If the festival day declared by the Government as a public holiday falls on a Sunday, on that Sunday also, the Corporation should not resort to demolition.

(ii) In any case, there should not be any demolition after sun set and before sun rise.

(iii) The Corporation should give notice of demolition as required by the statute fixing the date of demolition. Even on the said date, before actually resorting to the demolition, the Corporation should give reasonable time, depending upon the premises sought to be demolished, for the inmates to withdraw from the premises. If within the time given the inmates do not withdraw, the Corporation may proceed with actual demolition;

These guidelines are laid down in view of the fact that the Corporation is a public authority and its action must be tested on the touchstone of fairness and reasonableness. {Para 36}

 IN THE HIGH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

Writ Petn. No. 10019 of 1993

Decided On: 02.09.1994

3 Aces, Hyderabad Vs.  Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad

Hon'ble Judges:

S.S.M. Quadri, P.L.N. Sarma and B.S. Raikote, JJ.

Author: P.L.N. Sarma, J.

Citation:  MANU/AP/0002/1995

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Delhi High Court directs filing of income affidavit of convict, Victim Impact Report for grant of compensation to victim

Victimology

156. Victims are unfortunately the forgotten people in the criminal justice delivery system. Victims are the worst sufferers. Victims‟ family is ruined particularly in cases of death and grievous bodily injuries. This is apart from the factors like loss of reputation, humiliation, etc. The Court has to take into consideration the effect of the offence on the victim's family even though human life cannot be restored but then monetary compensation will at least provide some solace.

157. The criminal justice system is meant for doing justice to all - the accused, the society and the victim.

158. Justice remains incomplete without adequate compensation to the victim. Justice can be complete only when the victim is also compensated.

Sections 357 & 357A of CrPC

159. Section 357 CrPC empowers the Court to award compensation to victims who have suffered by the action of the accused.

160. The object of the Section 357(3) CrPC is to provide compensation to the victims who have suffered loss or injury by reason of the act of the accused. Mere punishment of the offender cannot give much solace to the family of the victim – civil action for damages is a long drawn and a cumbersome judicial process. Monetary compensation for redressal by the Court finding the infringement of the indefeasible right to life of the citizen is, therefore, useful and at time perhaps the only effective remedy to apply balm to the wounds of the family members of the deceased victim, who may have been the bread earner of the family.

161. Section 357 CrPC is intended to reassure the victim that he/she is not forgotten in the criminal justice system.

162. Section 357 CrPC is a constructive approach to crimes. It is indeed a step forward in our criminal justice system.

163. The power under Section 357 CrPC is not ancillary to other sentences but in addition thereto.

164. The power under Section 357 CrPC is to be exercised liberally to meet the ends of justice in a better way.

165. Section 357 CrPC confers a duty on the Court to apply its mind on the question of compensation in every criminal case.

166. The word „may‟ in Section 357(3) CrPC means „shall‟ and therefore, Section 357 CrPC is mandatory.

167. The Supreme Court in Ankush Shivaji Gaikwad (supra) has given directions that the Courts shall consider Section 357 CrPC in every criminal case and if the Court fails to make an order of compensation, it must furnish reasons.

Quantum of compensation

168. The amount of compensation is to be determined by the Court

depending upon gravity of offence, severity of mental and physical harm/injury suffered by the victim, damage/losses suffered by the victims and the capacity of the accused to pay. While determining the paying capacity of the accused, the Court has to take into consideration the present occupation and income of the accused. The accused can also be directed to pay monthly compensation out of his income.

Financial capacity of the accused

169. Before awarding compensation, the Trial Court is required to ascertain the financial capacity of the accused. This Court has formulated the format of an affidavit to be filed by the accused after his conviction to disclose his assets and income which is Annexure-A hereto.

Victim Impact Report

170. This Court has formulated the format of Victim Impact Report (VIR) to be filed by DSLSA in every criminal case after conviction. Victim Impact Report (VIR) shall disclose the impact of the crime on the victim. The format of the Victim Impact Report in respect of criminal cases, other than motor accident cases, is Annexure B-1. The format of Victim Impact Report in respect of motor accident cases is Annexure B-2.

Summary Inquiry

171. A summary inquiry is necessary to ascertain the impact of crime on the victim, the expenses incurred on prosecution as well as the paying capacity of the accused.

172. This Court is of the view that the summary inquiry be conducted by Delhi State Legal Services Authority (DSLSA) considering that DSLSA is conducting similar inquiry under the Delhi Victim Compensation Scheme, 2018 and is well conversant with the manner of conducting the inquiry.

173. After the conviction of the accused, the Trial Court shall direct the accused to file the affidavit of his assets and income in the format of Annexure-A within 10 days.

174. After the conviction of the accused, the Court shall also direct the State to disclose the expenses incurred on prosecution on affidavit along with the supporting documents within 30 days.

175. Upon receipt of the affidavit of the accused, the Trial Court shall immediately send the copy of the judgment and the affidavit of the accused in the format of Annexure-A and the documents filed with the affidavit to DSLSA.

176. Upon receipt of the judgment and the affidavit of the accused, DSLSA shall conduct a summary inquiry to compute the loss suffered by the victims and the paying capacity of the accused and shall submit the Victim Impact Report containing their recommendations to the Court within 30 days. Delhi State Legal Services Authority shall seek the necessary assistance in conducting the inquiry from SDM concerned, SHO concerned and/or prosecution who shall provide the necessary assistance upon being requested.

177. The Trial Court shall thereafter consider the Victim Impact Report of the DSLSA with respect to the impact of crime on the victims, paying capacity of the accused and expenditure incurred on the prosecution; and after hearing the parties including the victims of crime, the Court shall award the compensation to the victim(s) and cost of prosecution to the State, if the accused has the capacity to pay the same. The Court shall direct the accused to deposit the compensation with DSLSA whereupon DSLSA shall disburse the amount to the victims according to their Scheme.

178. If the accused does not have the capacity to pay the compensation or the compensation awarded against the accused is not adequate for rehabilitation of the victim, the Court shall invoke Section 357A CrPC to recommend the case to the Delhi State Legal Services Authority for award of compensation from the Victim Compensation Fund under the Delhi Victims Compensation Scheme, 2018.

179. In pending appeals/revisions against the order on sentence in which Section 357 CrPC has not been complied with, the Public Prosecutor shall file an application seeking a direction from the Court for directing the accused to file his affidavit of assets and income in the format of Annexure-A and directions to DSLSA to conduct a summary inquiry to ascertain the loss/damage suffered by the victim(s) and the paying capacity of the accused in the format of Annexures-B/B-1 in terms of Sections 357(4) CrPC in accordance with procedure mentioned hereinabove.

180. All the Courts below shall send a monthly statement to the Registrar General of this Court containing the list of cases decided each month. The list shall contain the name and particulars of the case; date of conviction; whether affidavit of assets and income has been filed by the accused; whether summary inquiry has been conducted to assess the compensation and determine the paying capacity of the accused; and compensation amount awarded. The monthly statement shall also contain one page summary format of the above information. 

IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI

Date of Decision: 27th November, 2020

 CRL.A. 352/2020

  KARAN  Vs STATE NCT OF DELHI 

Coram: J.R. MIDHA, J. RAJNISH BHATNAGAR, J. BRIJESH SETHI, J. 

Author: J.R. MIDHA, J.

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